Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly known as eczema, is a widespread autoimmune skin disease. Typical symptoms include skin irritation, redness, and bleeding. AD is marked by elevated levels of skin eosinophils, neutrophils, and mast cells, lymphocyte infiltration, and increased immunoglobulin E levels.

Who is most at risk?

The risk of AD increases with a family history of the condition, hay fever, or asthma. It is more common in non-Hispanic Black children, and slightly more prevalent in females than males. Around 80% of cases begin in infancy or childhood, with the remaining cases appearing in adulthood.

What causes AD?

The exact cause of AD remains unknown. However, gene mutations, issues with the immune system, and contact with specific environmental factors play a role in changes to the skin barrier, contributing to the disease.

How does AD impact quality of life?

Atopic dermatitis has a detrimental impact on quality of life (QoL), with higher disease severity being linked to reduced QoL. People with AD experience a negative impact on mental health, social functioning, and sleep, and often have low school/work attendance.

What treatments are available?

There are numerous treatments available for AD, including emollients, topical/oral corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, oral antihistamines, topical/oral antibiotics, and topical antiseptics. With the stepped approach, treatments can be adjusted – either intensified or reduced – based on the severity of the disease.

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