Oxycodone

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion

Each ml contains 10 mg oxycodone hydrochloride corresponding to 9 mg oxycodone.

Excipients with known effect:

Each ml contains 7.5 mg sodium chloride.

For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

Solution for injection or infusion

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion is a clear, colourless to slightly yellowish solution.

Severe pain, which requires opioid analgesics to be adequately managed.

For adults only.

Posology

The dosage depends on the pain intensity, the total condition of the patient, previous or concurrent medication, and the patient's individual susceptibility to the treatment.

The following general dosage recommendations apply:

The following starting doses are recommended. A gradual increase in dose may be required if analgesia is inadequate or if pain severity increases.

Adults (≥ 18 years of age)

i.v. (Bolus): Dilute to 1 mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections.

Administer a bolus dose of 1 to 10 mg slowly over 1-2 minutes to opioid-naïve patients.

Doses should not be administered more frequently than every 4 hours.

i.v. (Infusion): Dilute to 1 mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections.

A starting dose of 2 mg/hour is recommended in opioid-naïve patients.

i.v. (PCA): Dilute to 1 mg/ml in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections.

Bolus doses of 0.03 mg/kg should be administered with a minimum lock-out time of 5 minutes to opioid-naïve patients.

s.c. (Bolus): Use as 10 mg/ml concentration. A starting dose of 5 mg is recommended, repeated at 4-hourly intervals in opioid-naïve patients as required.

s.c. (Infusion): Dilute in 0.9% saline, 5% dextrose or water for injections if required.

A starting dose of 7.5 mg/day is recommended in opioid naïve patients, titrating gradually according to symptom control. Cancer patients transferring from oral oxycodone may require much higher doses (see below).

Transferring patients between oral and parenteral oxycodone

The dose should be based on the following ratio: 2 mg of oral oxycodone is equivalent to 1 mg of parenteral oxycodone, if only a few doses have been given. In case of shift in choice of opioid to a patient, who has been in long-term opioid-treatment (opioidrotation), it should be emphasised that the above mentioned equipotent doses are guidance only. Often it is necessary to administer less a decreased dose as equipotency recommend. Based on this and the patients interindividual variability a shift requires that the dosing is titrated carefully for every single patient.

Use in non-malignant pain

Opioids are not first-line therapy for chronic non-malignant pain, nor are they recommended as the only treatment. The need for continued treatment in non-malignant pain should be assessed at regular intervals.

Special populations

Elderly

Elderly patients should be treated with caution. The lowest dose should be administered with careful titration to pain control.

Renal or hepatic impairment

The dose initiation should follow a conservative approach in these patients. The recommended adult starting dose should be reduced by 50%, and each patient should be titrated to adequate pain control according to his/her clinical situation.

Paediatric population

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion is not recommended for children and adolescents under 18 years of age.

Duration of treatment

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma should not be used longer than necessary.

Discontinuation of treatment

When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.

Method of administration

Subcutaneous injection or infusion.

Intravenous injection or infusion.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Oxycodone must not be used in any situation where opioids are contraindicated:

- severe respiratory depression with hypoxia and/or hypercapnia

- elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood

- severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

- cor pulmonale

- severe bronchial asthma

- paralytic ileus

Caution should be exercised in

- elderly or debilitated patients

- patients with severe impairment of lung, liver or kidney function

- myxoedema, hypothyroidism

- Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency)

- intoxication psychosis (e.g. alcohol)

- prostatic hypertrophy

- alcoholism, known opioid dependence

- delirium tremens

- pancreatitis

- diseases of the biliary tract, biliary or ureteric colic

- conditions with increased brain pressure (including head injuries)

- disturbances of circulatory regulation (including hypotension, hypovolaemia)

- epilepsy or seizure tendency and

- in patients taking MAO inhibitors

- inflammatory bowel disorders

Opioids, such as oxycodone hydrochloride, may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal or -gonadal axes. Some changes that can be seen include an increase in serum prolactin and decreases in plasma cortisol and testosterone. Clinical symptoms may manifest from these hormonal changes.

Oxycodone should not be used where there is a possibility of paralytic ileus occurring. Should paralytic ileus be suspected or occur during use, Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion should be discontinued immediately.

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion should be used with caution pre- or intra-operatively and within the first 12-24 hours post-operatively.

As with all opioid preparations, oxycodone products should be used with caution following abdominal surgery as opioids are known to impair intestinal motility and should not be used until the physician is assured of normal bowel function.

For appropriate patients who suffer with chronic non-malignant pain, opioids should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment programme involving other medications and treatment modalities. A crucial part of the assessment of a patient with chronic non-malignant pain is the patient's addiction and substance abuse history.

If opioid treatment is considered appropriate for the patient, then the main aim of treatment is not to minimise the dose of opioid but rather to achieve a dose which provides adequate pain relief with a minimum of side effects. There must be frequent contact between physician and patient so that dosage adjustments can be made. It is strongly recommended that the physician defines treatment outcomes in accordance with pain management guidelines. The physician and patient can then agree to discontinue treatment if these objectives are not met.

Respiratory depression

The major risk of opioid excess is respiratory depression. Caution must be exercised when administering oxycodone to the debilitated elderly; patients with severely impaired pulmonary function, impaired hepatic or renal function; patients with myxoedema, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, toxic psychosis, prostate hypertrophy, adrenocortical insufficiency, alcoholism, delirium tremens, diseases of the biliary tract, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disorders, hypotension, hypovolaemia, head injury (due to risk of increased intracranial pressure) or patients taking MAO inhibitors.

Risk from concomitant use of sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs

Concomitant use of Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma and sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs may result in sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death. Because of these risks, concomitant prescribing with these sedative medicines should be reserved for patients for whom alternative treatment options are not possible. If a decision is made to prescribe Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma concomitantly with sedative medicines, the lowest effective dose should be used, and the duration of treatment should be as short as possible.

The patients should be followed closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. In this respect, it is strongly recommended to inform patients and their caregivers to be aware of these symptoms (see section 4.5).

Tolerance and dependence

The patient may develop tolerance to the medicinal product with chronic use and require progressively higher doses to maintain pain control.

Prolonged use of oxycodone may lead to physical dependence and a withdrawal syndrome may occur upon abrupt cessation of therapy. When a patient no longer requires therapy with oxycodone, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent withdrawal symptoms. The opioid abstinence or withdrawal syndrome is characterised by some or all of the following: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, mydriasis and palpitations. Other symptoms also may develop, including: irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate or heart rate.

Hyperalgesia that will not respond to a further dose increase of oxycodone may very rarely occur, particularly in high doses. An oxycodone dose reduction or change to an alternative opioid may be required.

Abuse

Oxycodone has an abuse profile similar to other strong opioid agonists. Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion may be sought and abused by people with latent or manifest addictive disorders. There is potential for the development of psychological dependence [addiction] to opioid analgesics, including oxycodone. Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion should be used with particular care in patients with a history of alcohol and drug abuse.

As with other opioids, infants who are born to dependent mothers may exhibit withdrawal symptoms and may have respiratory depression at birth (see section 4.6).

Alcohol

The intake of oxycodone hydrochloride with alcoholic beverages has to be avoided as alcohol may enhace the frequency of adverse reactions.

Surgical procedures

Special care should be taken when oxycodone is used in patients undergoing bowel-surgery. Opioids should only be administered post-operatively when the bowel function has been restored.

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion should be used with caution pre-operatively and within the first 12-24 hours post-operatively.

Sodium chloride

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per ampoule, i.e. essentially 'sodium-free'.

Central nervous system depressants (e.g. sedatives, hypnotics, phenothiazines, neuroleptics, anaesthetics, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, antiemetics) and other opioids or alcohol can enhance the CNS depressant effect of oxycodone, in particular respiratory depression.

Concomitant administration of oxycodone with serotonin agents, such as a Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitor (SSRI) or a Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitor (SNRI) may cause serotonin toxicity. The symptoms of serotoin toxicity may include mental-status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular abnormalities (e.g., hyperreflexia, incoordination, rigidity), and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea). Oxycodone should be used with caution and the dosage may need to be reduced in patients using these medications.

Sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs

The concomitant use of opioids with sedative medicines such as benzodiazepines or related drugs increases the risk of sedation, respiratory depression, coma and death because of additive CNS depressant effect. The dose and duration of concomitant use should be limited (see section 4.4).

Anticholinergics (e.g. antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, antiemetics, muscle relaxants, antiparkinson medicines) can enhance the anticholinergic undesirable effects of oxycodone (such as constipation, dry mouth or micturition disorders).

Monoaminoxidase (MAO) inhibitors are known to interact with narcotic analgesics, producing CNS excitation or depression with hyper- or hypotensive crisis. Oxycodone should be used with caution in patients administered MAO-inhibitors or who have received MAO-inhibitors during the last two weeks (see section 4.4).

Clinically relevant changes in International Normalized Ratio (INR) in both directions have been observed in individuals if coumarin anticoagulants are co-applied with oxycodone.

Oxycodone is metabolised mainly by CYP3A4, with a contribution from CYP2D6. The activities of these metabolic pathways may be inhibited or induced by various co-administered drugs or dietary elements.

CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin, erythromycin and telithromycin), azole-type antifungals (e.g. ketoconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g. boceprevir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir and saquinavir), cimetidine and grapefruit juice may reduce the clearance of oxycodone which could result in an increase of oxycodone plasma concentrations. Therefore the oxycodone dose may need to be adjusted accordingly.

Some specific examples are provided below:

- Itraconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, administered as 200 mg orally for five days, increased the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 2.4 times higher (range 1.5-3.4).

- Voriconazole, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, administered as 200 mg twice-daily for four days (400 mg given as first two doses), increased the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 3.6 times higher (range 2.7-5.6).

- Telithromycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, administered as 800 mg orally for four days, increased the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 1.8 times higher (range 1.3-2.3).

- Grapefruit juice, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, administered as 200 ml three times a day for five days, increased the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 1.7 times higher (range 1.1-2.1).

CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenytoin and St. John's Wort may induce the metabolism of oxycodone and cause an increased clearance of oxycodone which could result in a reduction of oxycodone plasma concentrations. The oxycodone dose may need to be adjusted accordingly.

Some specific examples are provided below:

- St. John's Wort, a CYP3A4 inducer, administered as 300 mg three times a day for fifteen days, reduced the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 50% lower (range 37-57%).

- Rifampicin, a CYP3A4 inducer, administered as 600 mg once daily for seven days, reduced the AUC of oral oxycodone. On average, the AUC was approximately 86% lower.

Drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 activity, such as paroxetine and quinidine, may cause decreased clearance of oxycodone which could lead to an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations.

Use of this medicinal product should be avoided to the extent possible in patients who are pregnant or lactating.

Pregnancy

There are limited data from the use of oxycodone in pregnant women. Infants born to mothers who have received opioids during the last 3 to 4 weeks before giving birth should be monitored for respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms may be observed in the newborns of mothers undergoing treatment with oxycodone.

Breast-feeding

Oxycodone may be secreted in breast milk and may cause respiratory depression in the newborn. Oxycodone should, therefore, not be used in breastfeeding mothers.

This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient's ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:

- The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive.

- Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you.

- It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine.

- However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:

Oxycodone can cause respiratory depression, miosis, bronchial spasms and spasms of the smooth muscles and can suppress the cough reflex.

The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment are listed below by system organ class and absolute frequency. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme,

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard,

or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Symptoms

Acute overdose with oxycodone can be manifested by miosis, respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, reduced skeletal muscle tone and drop in blood pressure. In severe cases circulatory collapse, bradycardia and non-cardiogenic lung oedema may occur; abuse of high doses of strong opioids such as oxycodone can be fatal.

Management

Primary attention should be given to the establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation.

In case of severe overdose, intravenous administration of an opioid antagonist (e.g. 0.4-2 mg intravenous naloxone) may be indicated. Administration of single doses must be repeated depending on the clinical situation at intervals of 2 to 3 minutes. Intravenous infusion of 2 mg of naloxone in 500 ml isotonic saline or 5% dextrose solution (corresponding to 0.004 mg naloxone/ml) is possible. The rate of infusion should be adjusted to the previous bolus injections and the response of the patient.

For less severe overdosage, administer naloxone 0.2 mg intravenously followed by increments of 0.1 mg every 2 minutes, if required.

Supportive measures (artificial respiration, oxygen supply, administration of vasopressors and infusion therapy) should, if necessary, be applied in the treatment of accompanying circulatory shock. Upon cardiac arrest or cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac massage or defibrillation may be indicated. If necessary, assisted ventilation as well as maintenance of water and electrolyte balance.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics; Opioids; Natural opium alkaloids

ATC code: N02AA05

Oxycodone shows an affinity to kappa, mu and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. It acts at these receptors as an opioid agonist without an antagonistic effect. The therapeutic effect is mainly analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative.

Absorption

Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy subjects have demonstrated an equivalent availability of oxycodone from oxycodone injection/infusion when administered by the intravenous or subcutaneous routes, as a single bolus dose or a continuous infusion over 8 hours.

Maximum oxycodone plasma concentrations are achieved after 0.5 hours after a subcutaneous injection.

Distribution

Approximately 45% is bound to plasma protein.

The volume of distribution at steady-state is 2.6 l/kg.

Biotransformation

Oxycodone is metabolised in the liver via CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 to noroxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxymorphone as well as to several glucuronide conjugates. The analgesic effect of the metabolites is considered clinically insignificant.

Elimination

Oxycodone and its metabolites are excreted via urine and faeces. Oxycodone has an elimination half-life of about 3 hours.

Special populations

The plasma concentrations of oxycodone are only minimally affected by age, being 15% greater in elderly as compared to young subjects.

Female subjects have, on average, plasma oxycodone concentrations up to 25% higher than males on a body weight adjusted basis.

When compared to normal subjects, patients with mild to severe hepatic dysfunction may have higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone and noroxycodone and lower plasma concentrations of oxymorphone. There may be an increase in the elimination half-life of oxycodone and this may be accompanied by an increase in drug effects.

When compared to normal subjects, patients with mild to severe renal dysfunction may have higher plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its metabolites. There may be an increase in the elimination half-life of oxycodone and this may be accompanied by an increase in drug effects.

Studies showed that oxycodone had no effect on fertility and early embryonic development in male and female rats in doses of up to 8 mg/kg body weight and induced no malformations in rats in doses of up to 8 mg/kg and in rabbits in doses of 125 mg/kg bodyweight. However, in rabbits, when individual foetuses were used in statistical evaluation, a dose related increase in developmental variations was observed (increased incidences of 27 presacral vertebrae, extra pairs of ribs). When these parameters were statistically evaluated using litters, only the incidence of 27 presacral vertebrae was increased and only in the 125 mg/kg group, a dose level that produced severe pharmacotoxic effects in the pregnant animals. In a study on pre- and postnatal development in rats F1 body weights were lower at 6 mg/kg/d when compared to body weights of the control group at doses which reduced maternal weight and food intake (NOAEL 2 mg/kg body weight). There were neither effects on physical, reflexological, and sensory developmental parameters nor on behavioural and reproductive indices.

Long-term carcinogenicity studies with oxycodone have not been conducted owing to the length of clinical experience with the drug subtance.

Oxycodone shows a clastogenic potential in in vitro assays. No similar effects were observed, however, under in vivo conditions, even at toxic doses. The results indicate that the mutagenic risk of Oxycodone hydrochloride to humans at therapeutic concentrations may be ruled out with adequate certainty.

Sodium chloride

Citric acid monohydrate

Sodium hydroxide (for pH-adjustment)

Hydrochloric acid (for pH-adjustment)

Water for injections

This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.

5 years

Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 48 hours/days at room temperature.

From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless reconstitution, dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.

Do not freeze.

For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.

Clear, colourless glass ampoules with OPC (one point cut) breaking system containig 1 ml or 2 ml solution, packed in card board fold boxes containing 1, 3, 5 or 10 ampoules.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

This medicinal product is for single use only, any unused solution should be discarded.

Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 10 mg/ml solution for injection/infusion and Oxycodone Hydrochloride G.L. Pharma 20 mg/2 ml solution for injection/infusion may be diluted with

- Water for injections

- Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection

- Glucose 50 mg/mL (5%) solution for injection

- Ringer's solution for injection

- Sodium chloride and Glucose solution for injection(Sodium chloride 0.18% w/v and Glucose 4% w/v)

- Lactated Ringer's solution for injection (Ringer Lactate solution and 5% Glucose solution).

Oxycodone hydrochloride, that was used undiluted or diluted to 1 mg/ml in various studies with different infusion solutions and under the use of representative brands of polypropylene or polycarbonate syringes, polyethylene or PVC tubing and PVC or EVA infusion bags, does not have to be protected against light.

G.L. Pharma GmbH, Schlossplatz 1, 8502 Lannach, Austria

PL 21597/0044

22/05/2018

06/03/2019