Tirosint

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Adverse reactions associated with TIROSINT therapy are primarily those of hyperthyroidism due to therapeutic overdosage [see Warnings and Precautions (5) and Overdosage (10) ]. They include the following: General: fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, heat intolerance, fever, excessive sweating Central nervous system: headache, hyperactivity, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, emotional lability, insomnia Musculoskeletal: tremors, muscle weakness, muscle spasm Cardiovascular: palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmias, increased pulse and blood pressure, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest Respiratory : dyspnea Gastrointestinal (GI): diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, elevations in liver function tests Dermatologic: hair loss, flushing, rash Endocrine: decreased bone mineral density Reproductive: menstrual irregularities, impaired fertility Seizures have been reported rarely with the institution of levothyroxine therapy. Adverse reactions associated with TIROSINT are primarily those of hyperthyroidism due to therapeutic overdosage including: arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, dyspnea, muscle spasm, headache, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, tremors, muscle weakness, increased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, heat intolerance, menstrual irregularities, and skin rash ( 6 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact IBSA Pharma Inc. at 1-800-587-3513, or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . Adverse Reactions in Children Pseudotumor cerebri and slipped capital femoral epiphysis have been reported in children receiving levothyroxine therapy. Overtreatment may result in craniosynostosis in infants and premature closure of the epiphyses in children with resultant compromised adult height. Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions to inactive ingredients have occurred in patients treated with thyroid hormone products. These include urticaria, pruritus, skin rash, flushing, angioedema, various GI symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea), fever, arthralgia, serum sickness and wheezing. Hypersensitivity to levothyroxine itself is not known to occur.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS TIROSINT is contraindicated in patients with uncorrected adrenal insufficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Uncorrected adrenal insufficiency ( 4 )

11 DESCRIPTION TIROSINT (levothyroxine sodium) capsules for oral use contain synthetic L-3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine sodium salt [levothyroxine (T 4 ) sodium]. Synthetic T4 is chemically identical to that produced in the human thyroid gland. Levothyroxine (T4) sodium has an empirical formula of C 15 H 10 I 4 NNaO 4 ∙ x H 2 O (where x = 5), molecular weight of 798.86 g/mol (anhydrous), and structural formula as shown: TIROSINT (levothyroxine sodium) capsules are amber-colored, round/biconvex capsules containing a viscous amber-colored liquid. The inactive ingredients in TIROSINT are gelatin, glycerin and water. Chemical Structure

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Administer once daily, on an empty stomach, one-half to one hour before breakfast ( 2.1 ) Administer at least 4 hours before or after drugs that are known to interfere with absorption ( 2.1 ) Evaluate the need for dose adjustments when regularly administering within an hour of certain foods that may affect TIROSINT absorption ( 2.1 ) Swallow TIROSINT capsules whole, do not cut, crush, or chew ( 2.1 ) Starting dose depends on a variety of factors, including age, body weight, cardiovascular status, concomitant medical conditions (including pregnancy), concomitant medications, co-administered food, and the specific nature of the condition being treated. Peak therapeutic effect may not be attained for 4-6 weeks ( 2.2 ) See full prescribing information for dosing in specific patient populations ( 2.3 ) Adequacy of therapy determined with periodic monitoring of TSH and/or T4 as well as clinical status ( 2.4 ) 2.1 General Administration Information Administer TIROSINT as a single daily oral dose, on an empty stomach, one-half to one hour before breakfast. Administer TIROSINT at least 4 hours before or after drugs known to interfere with TIROSINT absorption [see Drug Interactions (7.1) ] Evaluate the need for dose adjustments when regularly administering within an hour of certain foods that may affect TIROSINT absorption [see Drug Interactions (7.9) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Swallow TIROSINT capsules whole, do not cut, crush, or chew. 2.2 General Principles of Dosing The dose of TIROSINT for hypothyroidism or pituitary TSH suppression depends on a variety of factors including the patient's age, body weight, cardiovascular status, concomitant medical conditions (including pregnancy), concomitant medications, co-administered food, and the specific nature of the condition being treated [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) , Warnings and Precautions (5) , and Drug Interactions (7) ] . Dosing must be individualized to account for these factors and dose adjustments made based on periodic assessment of the patient's clinical response and laboratory parameters [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ]. The peak therapeutic effect of a given dose of TIROSINT may not be attained for 4 to 6 weeks. 2.3 Dosing In Specific Patient Populations Primary Hypothyroidism in Adults and in Adolescents in Whom Growth and Puberty are Complete Start TIROSINT at the full replacement dose in otherwise healthy, non-elderly individuals who have been hypothyroid for only a short time (such as a few months).The average full replacement dose of TIROSINT is approximately 1.6 mcg per kg per day (for example: 100-125 mcg per day for a 70 kg adult). Adjust the dose by 12.5 to 25 mcg increments every 4 to 6 weeks until the patient is clinically euthyroid and the serum TSH returns to normal. Doses greater than 200 mcg per day are seldom required. An inadequate response to daily doses greater than 300 mcg per day is rare and may indicate poor compliance, malabsorption, drug interactions, or a combination of these factors. For elderly patients or patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, start with a dose of 12.5 to 25 mcg per day. Increase the dose every 6 to 8 weeks, as needed, until the patient is clinically euthyroid and the serum TSH returns to normal. The full replacement dose of TIROSINT may be less than 1 mcg per kg per day in elderly patients. In patients with severe longstanding hypothyroidism, start with a dose of 12.5 to 25 mcg per day. Adjust the dose in 12.5 to 25 mcg increments every 2 to 4 weeks until the patient is clinically euthyroid and the serum TSH level is normalized. Secondary or Tertiary Hypothyroidism Start TIROSINT at the full replacement dose in otherwise healthy, non-elderly individuals. Start with a lower dose in elderly patients with underlying cardiovascular disease or patients with severe longstanding hypothyroidism as described above. Serum TSH is not a reliable measure of TIROSINT dose adequacy in patients with secondary or tertiary hypothyroidism, and should not be used to monitor therapy. Use the serum free-T4 level to monitor adequacy of therapy in this patient population. Titrate TIROSINT dosing per above instructions until the patient is clinically euthyroid and the serum free-T4 level is restored to the upper half of the normal range. Pediatric Dosage - Congenital or Acquired Hypothyroidism Only administer TIROSINT to pediatric patients 6 years and older who are able to swallow an intact capsule . The recommended daily dose of TIROSINT in pediatric patients with hypothyroidism is based on body weight and changes with age as described in Table 1. Start TIROSINT at the full daily dose in most pediatric patients. Start at a lower dose in children at risk for hyperactivity (see below). Monitor for clinical and laboratory response [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ] . Table 1: TIROSINT Dosing Guidelines for Pediatric Hypothyroidism Age Daily Dose Per Kg Body Weight The dose should be adjusted based on clinical response and laboratory parameters [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . 6-12 years 4-5 mcg/kg/day Greater than 12 years but growth and puberty incomplete 2-3 mcg/kg/day Growth and puberty complete 1.6 mcg/kg/day Children at risk for hyperactivity : To minimize the risk of hyperactivity in children, start at one-fourth the recommended full replacement dose, and increase on a weekly basis by one-fourth the full-recommended replacement dose until the full recommended replacement dose is reached. Pregnancy Preexisting Hypothyroidism: TIROSINT dose requirements may increase during pregnancy . Measure serum TSH and free-T4 as soon as pregnancy is confirmed and, at a minimum, during each trimester of pregnancy. In patients with primary hypothyroidism, maintain serum TSH in the trimester-specific reference range. For patients with serum TSH above the normal trimester specific range, increase the dose of TIROSINT by 12.5 to 25 mcg per day and measure TSH every four weeks until a stable TIROSINT dose is reached and serum TSH is within the normal trimester specific range. Reduce TIROSINT dosage to pre-pregnancy levels immediately after delivery and measure serum TSH levels 4 to 8 weeks postpartum to ensure the TIROSINT dose is appropriate. New Onset Hypothyroidism: Normalize thyroid function as rapidly as possible. In patients with moderate to severe signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, start TIROSINT at the full replacement dose (1.6 mcg per kg body weight per day). In patients with mild hypothyroidism (TSH < 10 mIU per Liter), start TIROSINT at 1.0 mcg per kg body weight per day. Evaluate serum TSH every 4 weeks and adjust TIROSINT dosage until serum TSH is within the normal trimester specific range [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. TSH Suppression in Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Generally, TSH is suppressed to below 0.1 mIU per Liter, and this usually requires a TIROSINT dose of greater than 2 mcg per kg per day. However, in patients with high-risk tumors, the target level for TSH suppression may be lower. 2.4 Monitoring TSH and/or Thyroxine (T4) Levels Assess the adequacy of therapy by periodic assessment of laboratory tests and clinical evaluation. Persistent clinical and laboratory evidence of hypothyroidism despite an apparent adequate replacement dose of TIROSINT may be evidence of inadequate absorption, poor compliance, drug interactions, or a combination of these factors. Adults In adult patients with primary hypothyroidism, monitor serum TSH levels after an interval of 6 to 8 weeks after any change in dose. In patients on a stable and appropriate replacement dose, evaluate clinical and biochemical response every 6 to 12 months and whenever there is a change in the patient's clinical status. Pediatrics In patients with congenital hypothyroidism, assess the adequacy of replacement therapy by measuring both serum TSH and total or free-T4. Monitor TSH and total or free-T4 in children is as follows: at 2 and 4 weeks after the initiation of treatment 2 weeks after any change in dosage, and then every 3 to 12 months thereafter following dose stabilization until growth is completed. Poor compliance or abnormal values may necessitate more frequent monitoring. Perform routine clinical examination, including assessment of mental and physical growth and development, and bone maturation at regular intervals. While the general aim of therapy is to normalize the serum TSH level, TSH may not normalize in some patients due to in utero hypothyroidism causing a resetting of the pituitary-thyroid feedback. Failure of the serum T4 to increase into the upper half of the normal range within 2 weeks of initiation of TIROSINT therapy and/or of the serum TSH to decrease below 20 mIU per Liter within 4 weeks may indicate the child is not receiving adequate therapy. Assess compliance, dose of medication administered, and method of administration prior to increasing the dose of TIROSINT [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4) ] . Secondary (Pituitary) and Tertiary (Hypothalamic) Hypothyroidism Monitor serum free-T4 levels maintain in the upper half of the normal range in these patients.

1 INDICATION AND USAGE TIROSINT is L-thyroxine (T4) indicated for adults and pediatric patients 6 years and older with: Hypothyroidism - As replacement therapy in primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary), and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism ( 1 ) Pituitary Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, TSH) Suppression - As an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: Not indicated for suppression of benign thyroid nodules and nontoxic diffuse goiter in iodine-sufficient patients ( 1 ) Not indicated for treatment of transient hypothyroidism during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis ( 1 ) Hypothyroidism TIROSINT is indicated as a replacement therapy in adults and pediatric patients 6 years and older with primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary), and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. Pituitary Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, TSH) Suppression TIROSINT is indicated as an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of adults and pediatric patients 6 years and older with thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Limitations of Use: TIROSINT is not indicated for suppression of benign thyroid nodules and nontoxic diffuse goiter in iodine-sufficient patients as there are no clinical benefits and overtreatment with TIROSINT may induce hyperthyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]. TIROSINT is not indicated for treatment of transient hypothyroidism during the recovery phase of subacute thyroiditis.

10 OVERDOSAGE The signs and symptoms of overdosage are those of hyperthyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5) and Adverse Reactions (6) ]. In addition, confusion and disorientation may occur. Cerebral embolism, shock, coma, and death have been reported. Seizures occurred in a 3-year-old child ingesting 3.6 mg of levothyroxine. Symptoms may not necessarily be evident or may not appear until several days after ingestion of levothyroxine sodium. Reduce the TIROSINT dose or discontinue temporarily if signs or symptoms of overdosage occur. Initiate appropriate supportive treatment as dictated by the patient's medical status. For current information on the management of poisoning or overdosage, contact the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 or www.poison.org.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS See full prescribing information for drugs that affect thyroid hormone pharmacokinetics and metabolism (e.g., absorption, synthesis, secretion, catabolism, protein binding, and target tissue response) and may alter the therapeutic response to TIROSINT ( 7 ) 7.1 Drugs Known to Affect Thyroid Hormone Pharmacokinetics Many drugs can exert effects thyroid hormone pharmacokinetics (e.g., absorption, synthesis, secretion, catabolism, protein binding, and target tissue response) and may alter the therapeutic response to TIROSINT (see Tables 2 to 5 below). Table 2: Drugs That May Decrease T4 Absorption (Hypothyroidism) Potential impact: Concurrent use may reduce the efficacy of TIROSINT by binding and delaying or preventing absorption, potentially resulting in hypothyroidism Drug or Drug Class Effect Calcium Carbonate Ferrous Sulfate Calcium carbonate may form an insoluble chelate with levothyroxine, and ferrous sulfate likely forms a ferric-thyroxine complex. Administer TIROSINT at least 4 hours apart from these agents. Orlistat Monitor patients treated concomitantly with orlistat and TIROSINT for changes in thyroid function. Bile Acid Sequestrants -Colesevelam -Cholestyramine -Colestipol Ion Exchange Resins -Kayexalate -Sevelamer Bile acid sequestrants and ion exchange resins are known to decrease levothyroxine absorption. Administer TIROSINT at least 4 hours prior to these drugs or monitor thyrotropin (TSH) levels. Other drugs: Proton Pump Inhibitors Sucralfate Antacids - Aluminum & Magnesium Hydroxides - Simethicone Gastric acidity is an essential requirement for adequate absorption of levothyroxine. Sucralfate, antacids and proton pump inhibitors may cause hypochlorhydria, affect intragastric pH, and reduce levothyroxine absorption. Monitor patients appropriately Table 3: Drugs That May Alter T4 and Triiodothyronine (T3) Serum Transport Without Affecting Free Thyroxine (FT4) Concentration (Euthyroidism) Drug or Drug Class Effect Clofibrate Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives Estrogens (oral) Heroin / Methadone 5-Fluorouracil Mitotane Tamoxifen These drugs may increase serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentration. Androgens / Anabolic Steroids Asparaginase Glucocorticoids Slow-Release Nicotinic Acid These drugs may decrease serum TBG concentration. Potential impact (below) : Administration of these agents with TIROSINT results in an initial transient increase in FT4. Continued administration results in a decrease in serum T4 and normal FT4 and TSH concentrations. Salicylates (> 2 g/day) Salicylates inhibit binding of T4 and T3 to TBG and transthyretin. An initial increase in serum FT4 is followed by return of FT4 to normal levels with sustained therapeutic serum salicylate concentrations, although total T4 levels may decrease by as much as 30%. Other drugs: Carbamazepine Furosemide (> 80 mg IV) Heparin Hydantoins Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs - Fenamates These drugs may cause protein-binding site displacement . Furosemide has been shown to inhibit the protein binding of T4 to TBG and albumin, causing an increased free-T4 fraction in serum. Furosemide competes for T4-binding sites on TBG, prealbumin, and albumin, so that a single high dose can acutely lower the total T4 level. Phenytoin and carbamazepine reduce serum protein binding of levothyroxine, and total and free-T4 may be reduced by 20% to 40%, but most patients have normal serum TSH levels and are clinically euthyroid. Closely monitor thyroid hormone parameters. Table 4: Drugs That May Alter Hepatic Metabolism of T4 (Hypothyroidism) Potential impact: Stimulation of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activity may cause increased hepatic degradation of levothyroxine, resulting in increased TIROSINT requirements. Drug or Drug Class Effect Phenobarbital Rifampin Phenobarbital has been shown to reduce the response to thyroxine. Phenobarbital increases L-thyroxine metabolism by inducing uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and leads to a lower T4 serum levels. Changes in thyroid status may occur if barbiturates are added or withdrawn from patients being treated for hypothyroidism. Rifampin has been shown to accelerate the metabolism of levothyroxine. Table 5: Drugs That May Decrease Conversion of T4 to T3 Potential impact: Administration of these enzyme inhibitors decreases the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, leading to decreased T3 levels. However, serum T4 levels are usually normal but may occasionally be slightly increased. Drug or Drug Class Effect Beta-adrenergic antagonists (e.g., Propranolol > 160 mg/day) In patients treated with large doses of propranolol (> 160 mg/day), T3 and T4 levels change, TSH levels remain normal, and patients are clinically euthyroid. Actions of particular beta-adrenergic antagonists may be impaired when the hypothyroid patient is converted to the euthyroid state. Glucocorticoids (e.g., Dexamethasone ≥ 4 mg/day) Short-term administration of large doses of glucocorticoids may decrease serum T3 concentrations by 30% with minimal change in serum T4 levels. However, long-term glucocorticoid therapy may result in slightly decreased T3 and T4 levels due to decreased TBG production (see Table 3 above). Other: Amiodarone Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of levothyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) and may cause isolated biochemical changes (increase in serum free-T4, and decrease or normal free-T3) in clinically euthyroid patients. 7.2 Antidiabetic Therapy Addition of TIROSINT therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus may worsen glycemic control and result in increased antidiabetic agent or insulin requirements. Careful monitor glycemic control, especially when thyroid therapy is started, changed, or discontinued [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] . 7.3 Oral Anticoagulants TIROSINT increases the response to oral anticoagulant therapy. Therefore, a decrease in the dose of anticoagulant may be warranted with correction of the hypothyroid state or when the TIROSINT dose is increased. Closely monitor coagulation tests to permit appropriate and timely dosage adjustments. 7.4 Digitalis Glycosides TIROSINT may reduce the therapeutic effects of digitalis glycosides. Serum digitalis glycoside levels may decrease when a hypothyroid patient becomes euthyroid, necessitating an increase in the dose of digitalis glycosides. 7.5 Antidepressant Therapy Concurrent use of tricyclic (e.g., Amitriptyline) or tetracyclic (e.g., Maprotiline) antidepressants and TIROSINT may increase the therapeutic and toxic effects of both drugs, possibly due to increased receptor sensitivity to catecholamines. Toxic effects may include increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias and central nervous system stimulation. TIROSINT may accelerate the onset of action of tricyclics. Administration of sertraline in patients stabilized on TIROSINT may result in increased TIROSINT requirements. 7.6 Ketamine Concurrent use of ketamine and TIROSINT may produce marked hypertension and tachycardia. Closely monitor blood pressure and heart rate in these patients. 7.7 Sympathomimetics Concurrent use of sympathomimetics and TIROSINT may increase the effects of sympathomimetics or thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones may increase the risk of coronary insufficiency when sympathomimetic agents are administered to patients with coronary artery disease. 7.8 Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitors Concurrent use of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors such as imatinib may cause hypothyroidism. Closely monitor TSH levels in such patients. 7.9 Drug-Food Interactions Consumption of certain foods may affect TIROSINT absorption thereby necessitating adjustments in dosing [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ] . Soybean flour (infant formula), cottonseed meal, walnuts, and dietary fiber may bind and decrease the absorption of TIROSINT from the GI tract. Grapefruit juice may delay the absorption of levothyroxine and reduce its bioavailability. 7.10 Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions Consider changes in TBG concentration when interpreting T4 and T3 values. Measure and evaluate unbound (free) hormone and/or determine the free T4 index (FT4I) in this circumstance. Pregnancy, infectious hepatitis, estrogens, estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, and acute intermittent porphyria increase TBG concentrations. Nephrosis, severe hypoproteinemia, severe liver disease, acromegaly, androgens and corticosteroids decrease TBG concentration. Familial hyper- or hypo-thyroxine binding globulinemias have been described, with the incidence of TBG deficiency approximating 1 in 9000.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Thyroid hormones exert their physiologic actions through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins. The physiological actions of thyroid hormones are produced predominantly by T3, the majority of which (approximately 80%) is derived from T4 by deiodination in peripheral tissues. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Oral levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic T4 hormone that exerts the same physiologic effect as endogenous T4, thereby maintaining normal T4 levels when a deficiency is present. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Absorption of orally administered T 4 from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ranges from 40% to 80%. The majority of the levothyroxine dose is absorbed from the jejunum and upper ileum. T4 absorption is increased by fasting, and decreased in malabsorption syndromes and by certain foods such as soybeans. Dietary fiber decreases the bioavailability of T4. Absorption may also decrease with age. In addition, many drugs and foods affect T4 absorption. [see Drug Interactions (7) ] Distribution Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and thyroxine-binding albumin (TBA), whose capacities and affinities vary for each hormone. The higher affinity of both TBG and TBPA for T4 partially explains the higher serum levels, slower metabolic clearance, and longer half-life of T4 compared to T3. Protein-bound thyroid hormones exist in reverse equilibrium with small amounts of free hormone. Only unbound hormone is metabolically active. Many drugs and physiologic conditions affect the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. Thyroid hormones do not readily cross the placental barrier [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Elimination Metabolism T4 is slowly eliminated (see Table 6 ) . The major pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism is through sequential deiodination. Approximately 80% of circulating T3 is derived from peripheral T4 by monodeiodination. The liver is the major site of degradation for both T4 and T3, with T4 deiodination also occurring at a number of additional sites, including the kidney and other tissues. Approximately 80% of the daily dose of T4 is deiodinated to yield equal amounts of T3 and reverse T3 (rT3). T3 and rT3 are further deiodinated to diiodothyronine. Thyroid hormones are also metabolized via conjugation with glucuronides and sulfates and excreted directly into the bile and gut where they undergo enterohepatic recirculation. Excretion Thyroid hormones are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. A portion of the conjugated hormone reaches the colon unchanged and is eliminated in the feces. Approximately 20% of T4 is eliminated in the stool. Urinary excretion of T4 decreases with age. Table 6: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Thyroid Hormones in Euthyroid Patients Hormone Ratio in Thyroglobulin Biologic Potency Half-Life (Days) Protein Binding (%) Includes TBG, TBPA and TBA. Levothyroxine (T4) 10 – 20 1 6 – 7 3 – 4 days in hyperthyroidism, 9 – 10 days in hypothyroidism. 99.96 Liothyronine (T3) 1 4 ≤ 2 99.5

12.1 Mechanism of Action Thyroid hormones exert their physiologic actions through control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4) diffuse into the cell nucleus and bind to thyroid receptor proteins attached to DNA. This hormone nuclear receptor complex activates gene transcription and synthesis of messenger RNA and cytoplasmic proteins. The physiological actions of thyroid hormones are produced predominantly by T3, the majority of which (approximately 80%) is derived from T4 by deiodination in peripheral tissues.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics Oral levothyroxine sodium is a synthetic T4 hormone that exerts the same physiologic effect as endogenous T4, thereby maintaining normal T4 levels when a deficiency is present.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics Absorption Absorption of orally administered T 4 from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ranges from 40% to 80%. The majority of the levothyroxine dose is absorbed from the jejunum and upper ileum. T4 absorption is increased by fasting, and decreased in malabsorption syndromes and by certain foods such as soybeans. Dietary fiber decreases the bioavailability of T4. Absorption may also decrease with age. In addition, many drugs and foods affect T4 absorption. [see Drug Interactions (7) ] Distribution Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), and thyroxine-binding albumin (TBA), whose capacities and affinities vary for each hormone. The higher affinity of both TBG and TBPA for T4 partially explains the higher serum levels, slower metabolic clearance, and longer half-life of T4 compared to T3. Protein-bound thyroid hormones exist in reverse equilibrium with small amounts of free hormone. Only unbound hormone is metabolically active. Many drugs and physiologic conditions affect the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. Thyroid hormones do not readily cross the placental barrier [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Elimination Metabolism T4 is slowly eliminated (see Table 6 ) . The major pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism is through sequential deiodination. Approximately 80% of circulating T3 is derived from peripheral T4 by monodeiodination. The liver is the major site of degradation for both T4 and T3, with T4 deiodination also occurring at a number of additional sites, including the kidney and other tissues. Approximately 80% of the daily dose of T4 is deiodinated to yield equal amounts of T3 and reverse T3 (rT3). T3 and rT3 are further deiodinated to diiodothyronine. Thyroid hormones are also metabolized via conjugation with glucuronides and sulfates and excreted directly into the bile and gut where they undergo enterohepatic recirculation. Excretion Thyroid hormones are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. A portion of the conjugated hormone reaches the colon unchanged and is eliminated in the feces. Approximately 20% of T4 is eliminated in the stool. Urinary excretion of T4 decreases with age. Table 6: Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Thyroid Hormones in Euthyroid Patients Hormone Ratio in Thyroglobulin Biologic Potency Half-Life (Days) Protein Binding (%) Includes TBG, TBPA and TBA. Levothyroxine (T4) 10 – 20 1 6 – 7 3 – 4 days in hyperthyroidism, 9 – 10 days in hypothyroidism. 99.96 Liothyronine (T3) 1 4 ≤ 2 99.5

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3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS TIROSINT capsules are amber-colored, round/biconvex capsules, imprinted with a dosage strength specific letter on one side and containing a viscous amber-colored liquid and are available as follows: Strength (mcg) Imprint Code 13 A 25 E 37.5 O 44 R 50 G 62.5 L 75 H 88 J 100 K 112 M 125 N 137 P 150 S 175 U 200 Y Capsules: 13, 25, 37.5, 44, 50, 62.5, 75, 88, 100, 112, 125, 137, 150, 175, 200 mcg ( 3 )

Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GLYCERIN GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS R Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS O Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS A Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS E Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS G Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS H Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS J Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS K Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS M Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS N Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS P Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS S Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS U Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS Y Tirosint levothyroxine sodium GELATIN, UNSPECIFIED GLYCERIN WATER LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE LEVOTHYROXINE SODIUM ANHYDROUS L

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential or effects on fertility of levothyroxine sodium.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential, mutagenic potential or effects on fertility of levothyroxine sodium.

NDA021924

Tirosint

levothyroxine sodium

71858-0060

HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG

ORAL

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 13 mcg Capsule Blister Pack Carton TIROSINT ® (levothyroxine sodium) capsules NDC 71858-0005-4 13 mcg per capsule Do not remove individual capsules from blister packaging until ready to use Swallow capsule whole. Do not cut, crush, or chew. R x Only 3 blisters x 10 capsules IBSA carton-box

Manufactured for IBSA Pharma Inc. by: IBSA Institut Biochimique SA 6912 Pazzallo Switzerland Distributed by: IBSA Pharma Inc., Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA

17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient and/or the caregiver to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information Sheet). Dosing and Administration Instruct patients to take TIROSINT only as directed by their healthcare provider. Instruct patients to take TIROSINT one-half to one hour before breakfast. Inform patients that agents such as iron and calcium supplements and antacids can decrease the absorption of levothyroxine. Instruct patients not to take TIROSINT within 4 hours of these agents. Instruct patients that TIROSINT capsules should be swallowed whole and never be cut, crushed, or chewed. To assist with identifying the name and strength of each TIROSINT capsule, instruct patients not to remove capsules from the blisters in advance, particularly if they are taking multiple strengths. Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider should they become pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant while taking TIROSINT. Important Information Inform patients that it may take several weeks before they notice an improvement in symptoms. Inform patients that the levothyroxine in TIROSINT is intended to replace a hormone that is normally produced by the thyroid gland. Generally, replacement therapy is to be taken for life. Inform patients that TIROSINT should not be used as a primary or adjunctive therapy in a weight control program. Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider if they are taking any other medications, including prescription and over-the-counter preparations [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider of any other medical conditions, particularly heart disease, diabetes, clotting disorders, and adrenal or pituitary gland problems, as the dose of medications used to control these other conditions may need to be adjusted while taking TIROSINT. If they have diabetes, instruct patients to monitor their blood and/or urinary glucose levels as directed by their physician and immediately report any changes to their physician. If patients are taking anticoagulants, their clotting status should be checked frequently. Instruct patients to notify their physician or dentist that they are taking TIROSINT prior to any surgery. Adverse Reactions Instruct patients to notify their healthcare provider if they experience any of the following symptoms: rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pain, shortness of breath, leg cramps, headache, nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, tremors, change in appetite, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, fever, changes in menstrual periods, hives or skin rash, or any other unusual medical event. Inform patients that partial hair loss may occur rarely during the first few months of TIROSINT therapy, but this is usually temporary.

8.5 Geriatric Use Because of the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease among the elderly, initiate TIROSINT therapy at less than the full replacement dose [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. Atrial arrhythmias can occur in elderly patients. Atrial fibrillation is the most common of the arrhythmias observed with levothyroxine overtreatment in the elderly .

8.4 Pediatric Use TIROSINT is indicated for use in pediatric patients 6 years and older. The initial dose of TIROSINT varies with age and body weight. Dosing adjustments are based on an assessment of the individual patient's clinical and laboratory parameters [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.4) ] In children in whom a diagnosis of permanent hypothyroidism has not been established, discontinue TIROSINT administration for a trial period. Obtain serum T4 and TSH levels at the end of the trial period, and use laboratory test results and clinical assessments to guide diagnosis and treatment, if warranted. Congenital Hypothyroidism [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.4) ] Rapid restoration of normal serum T4 concentrations is essential for preventing the adverse effects of congenital hypothyroidism on intellectual development as well as on overall physical growth and maturation. Therefore, initiate levothyroxine therapy immediately upon diagnosis. Levothyroxine is generally continued for life in these patients. Closely monitor children during the first two weeks of TIROSINT therapy for cardiac overload and arrhythmias. Closely monitor patients to avoid undertreatment and overtreatment. Undertreatment may have deleterious effects on intellectual development and linear growth. Overtreatment may adversely affect the tempo of brain maturation and accelerate the bone age with resultant premature closure of the epiphyses and compromised adult stature. Acquired Hypothyroidism in Pediatric Patients Closely monitor patients to avoid undertreatment and overtreatment. Undertreatment may result in poor school performance due to impaired concentration and slowed mentation and in reduced adult height. Overtreatment may accelerate the bone age and result in premature epiphyseal closure and compromised adult stature. Treated children may manifest a period of catch-up growth, which may be adequate in some cases to normalize adult height. In children with severe or prolonged hypothyroidism, catch-up growth may not be adequate to normalize adult height.

8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Experience with levothyroxine use in pregnant women, including data from post-marketing studies, have not reported increased rates of major birth defects or miscarriages [see Data ]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with untreated hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may increase during pregnancy, TSH should be monitored and TIROSINT dosage adjusted during pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations ] . There are no animal studies conducted with levothyroxine during pregnancy. TIROSINT should not be discontinued during pregnancy and hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy should be promptly treated. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with a higher rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth, and premature delivery. Untreated maternal hypothyroidism may have an adverse effect on fetal neurocognitive development. Dose Adjustments During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Pregnancy may increase TIROSINT requirements. Serum TSH level should be monitored and the TIROSINT dosage adjusted during pregnancy. Since postpartum TSH levels are similar to preconception values, the TIROSINT dosage should return to the pre-pregnancy dose immediately after delivery [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. Data Human Data Levothyroxine is approved for use as a replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. There is a long experience of levothyroxine use in pregnant women, including data from post-marketing studies that have not reported increased rates of fetal malformations, miscarriages or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes associated with levothyroxine use in pregnant women.

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Pregnancy may require the use of higher doses of TIROSINT ( 2.3 , 8.1 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Experience with levothyroxine use in pregnant women, including data from post-marketing studies, have not reported increased rates of major birth defects or miscarriages [see Data ]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with untreated hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may increase during pregnancy, TSH should be monitored and TIROSINT dosage adjusted during pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations ] . There are no animal studies conducted with levothyroxine during pregnancy. TIROSINT should not be discontinued during pregnancy and hypothyroidism diagnosed during pregnancy should be promptly treated. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-Associated Maternal and/or Embryo/Fetal Risk Maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with a higher rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, stillbirth, and premature delivery. Untreated maternal hypothyroidism may have an adverse effect on fetal neurocognitive development. Dose Adjustments During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Pregnancy may increase TIROSINT requirements. Serum TSH level should be monitored and the TIROSINT dosage adjusted during pregnancy. Since postpartum TSH levels are similar to preconception values, the TIROSINT dosage should return to the pre-pregnancy dose immediately after delivery [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. Data Human Data Levothyroxine is approved for use as a replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. There is a long experience of levothyroxine use in pregnant women, including data from post-marketing studies that have not reported increased rates of fetal malformations, miscarriages or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes associated with levothyroxine use in pregnant women. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Limited published studies report that levothyroxine is present in human milk. However, there is insufficient information to determine the effects of levothyroxine on the breastfed infant and no available information on the effects of levothyroxine on milk production. Adequate levothyroxine treatment during lactation may normalize milk production in hypothyroid lactating mothers. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for TIROSINT and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from TIROSINT or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 Pediatric Use TIROSINT is indicated for use in pediatric patients 6 years and older. The initial dose of TIROSINT varies with age and body weight. Dosing adjustments are based on an assessment of the individual patient's clinical and laboratory parameters [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.4) ] In children in whom a diagnosis of permanent hypothyroidism has not been established, discontinue TIROSINT administration for a trial period. Obtain serum T4 and TSH levels at the end of the trial period, and use laboratory test results and clinical assessments to guide diagnosis and treatment, if warranted. Congenital Hypothyroidism [see Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.4) ] Rapid restoration of normal serum T4 concentrations is essential for preventing the adverse effects of congenital hypothyroidism on intellectual development as well as on overall physical growth and maturation. Therefore, initiate levothyroxine therapy immediately upon diagnosis. Levothyroxine is generally continued for life in these patients. Closely monitor children during the first two weeks of TIROSINT therapy for cardiac overload and arrhythmias. Closely monitor patients to avoid undertreatment and overtreatment. Undertreatment may have deleterious effects on intellectual development and linear growth. Overtreatment may adversely affect the tempo of brain maturation and accelerate the bone age with resultant premature closure of the epiphyses and compromised adult stature. Acquired Hypothyroidism in Pediatric Patients Closely monitor patients to avoid undertreatment and overtreatment. Undertreatment may result in poor school performance due to impaired concentration and slowed mentation and in reduced adult height. Overtreatment may accelerate the bone age and result in premature epiphyseal closure and compromised adult stature. Treated children may manifest a period of catch-up growth, which may be adequate in some cases to normalize adult height. In children with severe or prolonged hypothyroidism, catch-up growth may not be adequate to normalize adult height. 8.5 Geriatric Use Because of the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease among the elderly, initiate TIROSINT therapy at less than the full replacement dose [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Dosage and Administration (2.3) ]. Atrial arrhythmias can occur in elderly patients. Atrial fibrillation is the most common of the arrhythmias observed with levothyroxine overtreatment in the elderly .

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied TIROSINT (levothyroxine sodium) capsules are amber-colored, round/biconvex capsules, imprinted with a dosage strength specific letter on one side and containing a viscous amber-colored liquid. They are supplied as follows: Table 7: TIROSINT Packaging Description - Boxes of 30 capsules, consisting of 3 blisters with 10 capsules each Strength (mcg) Color Shown on box and blister packing, not on individual capsules. Imprint Code NDC 13 Green A 71858-0005-4 25 Orange E 71858-0010-4 37.5 Dark Blue O 71858-0012-4 44 Red R 71858-0013-4 50 White G 71858-0015-4 62.5 Grey L 71858-0017-4 75 Purple H 71858-0020-4 88 Olive J 71858-0025-4 100 Yellow K 71858-0030-4 112 Rose M 71858-0035-4 125 Brown N 71858-0040-4 137 Turquoise P 71858-0045-4 150 Blue S 71858-0050-4 175 Lilac U 71858-0055-4 200 Pink Y 71858-0060-4 The dosage strength on each box is clearly identified in several locations, and is associated with a distinct color. The color of the circles on the blister is the same color as on the box. Each blister pack contains 10 capsules placed in individual cavities labeled with the dosage strength and the product name (TIROSINT). 16.2 Storage and Handling Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. TIROSINT capsules should be protected from heat, light and moisture. Do not separate the individual cavities containing the drug from the intact blister as important information may be lost (i.e., manufacturer/distributor names, distributor contact phone number, lot number, and expiration date), and do not remove the individual capsules from blister packaging until ready to use.

16.2 Storage and Handling Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. TIROSINT capsules should be protected from heat, light and moisture. Do not separate the individual cavities containing the drug from the intact blister as important information may be lost (i.e., manufacturer/distributor names, distributor contact phone number, lot number, and expiration date), and do not remove the individual capsules from blister packaging until ready to use.

WARNING: NOT FOR TREATMENT OF OBESITY or FOR WEIGHT LOSS Thyroid hormones, including TIROSINT, either alone or with other therapeutic agents, should not be used for the treatment of obesity or for weight loss. In euthyroid patients, doses within the range of daily hormonal requirements are ineffective for weight reduction. Larger doses may produce serious or even life threatening manifestations of toxicity, particularly when given in association with sympathomimetic amines such as those used for their anorectic effects [see Adverse Reactions (6) , Drug Interactions (7.7) , and Overdosage (10) ]. WARNING: NOT FOR TREATMENT OF OBESITY or FOR WEIGHT LOSS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning Thyroid hormones, including TIROSINT, should not be used for the treatment of obesity or for weight loss. Doses beyond the range of daily hormonal requirements may produce serious or even life threatening manifestations of toxicity ( 6 , 10 ).