Day Four Highlights – The pillars of therapy to reduce cardio renal risk
By Anita Reid
During the last day of the ERA 2022 conference, there was a thorough discussion of the FIDELITY study in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, which called for a holistic approach to treatment.
Clinicians now have the benefit of add-on treatment with a new class of non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a strong residual risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, despite being treated with current therapies, i.e., angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) and the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)52.
However, clinicians now have the benefit of add-on treatment with a new class of non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA), specifically finerenone, which has been the most extensively studied agent within the class to date, with pending results from glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) also showing promising results as add-on treatment.
Katherine Tuttle emphasised the importance of precise phenotyping, even based on the patient’s clinical picture, to improve the selection of therapies and how to apply them for therapeutic safety and efficacy.
George Bakris reviewed the results of FIDELITY, a large, pooled analysis of individual patient data (N=13171) taken from FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD53,54. Both trials investigated the effect of finerenone on kidney and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with CKD and T2D.
FIDELITY showed that, on top of standard care (ACEIs/ARBs), finerenone reduced the risk of clinically meaningful CV and kidney outcomes in patients with T2D over a broad spectrum of CKD:
- endpoint CV composite: 14% (HR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78–0.95; P=0.0018)
- hospitalisation for heart failure (HHF): 22% (HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66–0.92; P=0.0030)
- kidney composite: 23% (HR 0.77; 95% CI, 0.77–0.88; P=0.0002)
- dialysis: 20% (HR 0.80; 0.64–0.99; P=0.040) In addition to standard care, finerenone demonstrated CV benefits and preservation of kidney function in patients with T2D, regardless of the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR) and the use of SGLT2s or GLP-1RAs, with benefit primarily driven by reduction in HHF. Finerenone showed modest effects on systolic blood pressure and no sexual side-effects. Although hyperkalaemia increased with finerenone, the clinical impact was low; interestingly, for yet unknown reasons, hyperkalaemia risk is decreased in the presence of SGLT2is53
Dr Bakris asked nephrologists to think like cardiologists about treatment, inviting them to think of ‘pillars of therapy’ rather than drug A vs drug B, or fixing sugar or fixing blood pressure. He described the pillars of therapy to reduce cardio renal risk: firstly, maximally tolerated doses of ACE inhibitors and ARBs, secondly, SGLT2i, and now finerenone, a non-steroidal MRA.

The pooling of data in FIDELITY, from the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD trials, has provided a large group of more than 13000 patients53. Subgroup analyses enables the use of finerenone to be refined in subgroups of patients with CKD and T2D. Peter Rossing concluded that in all the subgroups studied, whether in albuminuria, eGFR, presence of CV disease defined in different ways, different levels of blood pressure, different levels of glycaemic control, whether on GLP-1RA or SGLT2i therapy, very consistent kidney and cardio benefits of finerenone compared with placebo were observed. Dr Rossing summarised the key subgroup analyses performed so far from FIDELITY; further analysis is still being completed.
- Based on kidney outcomes (albuminuria), finerenone helps protect against CV events and kidney disease progression; the CV outcome is consistent for micro- or macroalbuminuria
- Using a different renal endpoint, i.e., slope in eGFR, finerenone shows a benefit in all patients
- In different subgroups of CV disease (myocardial infarction [MI] and/or ischaemic stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease), finerenone consistently reduced the risk of CV events in all these subgroups; in addition, the risk of CV events was reduced, with or without a history of a CV event
- Modest reduction in blood pressure vs placebo occurred across baseline blood pressure56
Diabetes is responsible for approximately 50% of all cases of CKD and kidney failure or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide57; indeed in Katherine Tuttle’s experience, nephrologists take care of more diabetic patients than endocrinologists, while most diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease occurs in those with CKD. The latest KDIGO guideline recommends a holistic approach for these patients using a portfolio of therapies to personalise treatment58. Dr Tuttle reviewed the safety data for finerenone and how to individualise it for individuals with diabetes and CKD. As an add-on to first-line therapy, Dr Tuttle stated that finerenone is for patients who have persistently low albuminuria and normal potassium to protect both the heart and the kidney in these individuals.
Finerenone is not a fire and forget medicine. For safe administration it requires monitoring and careful attention to both GFR and K+
Dr Tuttle addressed the risk of hyperkalaemia, which has been the main limitation to finerenone and other MRA inhibitors. Several predictive factors for hyperkalaemia were identified by the FIDELIO-DKD study53, especially baseline K+ >4.5 mEq/L or a low eGFR <45 mg/ml/1.73m2 and the use of betablockers, but mitigating factors, SGLT2i or diuretic, were also identified.
Dr Tuttle reviewed a prescribing protocol to safely individualise finerenone prescribing by adjusting for both eGFR and serum K+ levels. She emphasised the importance of follow-up eGFR and K+ monitoring and adjustment of dosage.
This is something that nephrologists are going to have to learn to do. This is not a fire and forget medicine. It does require monitoring and careful attention to both GFR and K+ to safely administer finerenone.
Dr Tuttle
Chronic kidney disease affects approximately 11% of the global population, yet remains under-diagnosed, especially in the early stages59
This statistic formed the basis of Dr De Nicolas’ presentation of the REVEAL-CKD study investigating the prevalence of undiagnosed stage 3 CKD in the global population. Dr De Nicolas’ presentation focused on preliminary data of undiagnosed stage 3 CKD in an Italian population which recruited 65,676 patients, 15,129 of which had an existing CKD diagnosis and 50,547 without60, Of the undiagnosed group, 15% were found to have CKD, with median diagnosis time taking 1.1 years. Further analysis revealed that among this group, 77% had undiagnosed stage 3 CKD, with the chances of misdiagnosis increasing if the patients were female, >65 and had comorbidities. Dr De Nicola concluded his presentation by noting that undiagnosed CKD is a critical problem. He emphasised that timely diagnosis is vitally important for reducing progression and complications and should be a central focus for all treating physicians61.