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In this report, we have reviewed the critical roles of microbiosis in the pathogenesis of AD, summarized potential mechanisms mediated by microbiosis and aimed to enlighten a theoretical basis for its therapeutic applications in the treatment of AD.

Background: For severe cases of atopic dermatitis, systemic or potent agents may be required for control of disease. There have been some reports of treatment efficacy of off-label use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in patients with refractory atopic dermatitis or have developed adverse effects to initial systemic agents.

This review gives an overview of current and future therapies for severe AD, outlines options to optimize treatment with oral immunosuppressive drugs and gives an insight into the future of personalized treatment in AD.

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease among children in industrialised countries. Many factors influence this disease in a negative way and contact allergy is one such factor. The aim of the study was to examine the frequency of contact allergy among children with the diagnosis atopic dermatitis.

With a growing movement toward use of targeted therapies, parallel to psoriasis, JAK inhibitors are an important focus of therapeutic research for AD.

Areas covered: This review examines the current literature in respect to several different monoclonal antibodies that are being studied toward a personalized approach in the treatment of AD.

Background: Systemic medications are often required for severe atopic dermatitis (AD) refractory to topical therapies. Biologic medications are a recent advancement in the field and a comparison with standard systemic approaches would be beneficial. Objective: To compare efficacies of systemic therapies for the treatment of AD.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a heterogeneous disease with a multifactorial aetiology and complex pathophysiology. This heterogeneity translates into different trajectories of disease progression with respect to severity, persistence and risk of development of atopic comorbidities.

The EAACI Biologicals Guidelines for dupilumab in atopic dermatitis provide recommendations for children and adults with moderate-to-severe cases. These guidelines address treatment strategies, response definitions, and long-term safety.

Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to discuss the chemical treatment options for pediatric atopic dermatitis, including immunomodulators and small molecule inhibitors. A systematic literature search was conducted, and publications were reviewed for applicable treatment guidelines.